1894 china famine cannibalism
"The director said: 'I have to get permission from the provincial party vicesecretary.' They were so strong, not like us who looked like we might keel over any minute. Fish regularly engaged in self-harm and later developed a propensity toward torture and cannibalism. For all his remorse and grief, he regarded the death as an individual family's tragedy: "I was 18 at the time and I only knew what the Communist party told me. Others are tortured, beaten or buried alive for declaring realistic harvests, refusing to hand over what little food they have, stealing scraps or simply angering officials. Yet the power of the truth to reshape China is manifest in its effect on Yang himself: "I was a very conservative person growing up with a Communist education. Back at the school the pupils barbecued and enthusiastically scoffed the organs. Initially, Yang did not believe it had happened, but when he interviewed people he uncovered how starving neighbours ate neighbours, parents ate their kids and vice-versa. cannibalism took place. Now, my mind is liberated. Veteran U.S.-based dissident and rights campaigner Harry Wu of the Laogai Research Foundation spoke to RFA's Mandarin Service about his personal memories of that time and how he came to be convinced that cannibalism did occur on a large scale.Q: There has been a lot of debate in China in recent years about how many people died during the famines of 1958-1961, and whether they died of starvation. The Chinese Famine of 1959-61 8.4. Did they realise what he was working on? When the head of a production brigade dares to state the obvious that there is no food a leader warns him: "That's right-deviationist thinking. And they ate their own children. Huevos directos desde la finca a tu casa. [1] Shansi Notes, North China Herald (Shanghai), 17 March 1893; Charitable Subscription in Shansi, North-China Herald, 2 Dec 1892. #china #chinese #history #legendChina is a country with thousands of years of history, and throughout most of its history, China was ravaged with plagues, fa. This taboo is so strong,. "They admit it, but they don't want to talk about it; it's still a tragedy under the Communist party's governance.". [1] The distress affected over 57 districts in Shanxi. The ordinance, regulating the designs and sanitary conditions of tenement blocks, was drawn up according to recommendations by Scottish physician William John Simpson, who observed the plague in 1902.[77]. Not satisfied with being "the most powerful emperor who had ever ruled China", Mao strove to snatch leadership of the international communist movement. His recommendations were not acted upon on, save for the establishment of the Sanitary Board. There was no flesh on the body's bones. Well that's huge. Entitled The Hunger: The Story of the Irish Famine, it the . A teenage orphan kills and eats her four-year-old brother. Cannibalism in China. He had little idea of what he would find when he started work: "I didn't think it would be so serious and so brutal and so bloody. What they saw was a terrifying sight: served on top of an improvised oven made of bricks, there was a pot with the head, arms, and legs of the mutilated child. The 1894 Hong Kong plague, part of the third plague pandemic, was a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in Hong Kong. [4], The spread to Hong Kong from Guangdong was accelerated by the unrestricted movement of workers and boats into Hong Kong. Both the nature of the evidence for famine cannibalism and the silences about it challenge the empirical historian to the limit. The committee was chaired by J. J. Francis and included Captains-superintendent Francis Henry May and Ayres. We don't know what discussion this referred to, nor what came after this remark. At the time, I thought to myself at the time: "Cannibalism. Mao Zedong had vowed to build a communist paradise in China through sheer revolutionary zeal, collectivising farmland and creating massive communes at astonishing speed. The government responded to the meeting by forbidding searchers to enter Chinese households without permission, and by allowing patients to choose Chinese treatment in Chinese hospitals. Areas such as Bowrington (now between today's Wan Chai and Causeway Bay), Sai Ying Pun, Shek Tong Tsui and Kennedy Town saw more deaths than Taipingshan. Posted by ; royal canin yorkie dog food reviews; parkland psychiatric hospital dallas, tx . [17] Total funds allocated to the relief in Shanxi would stand at more than 1,390,000 taels from the central government, local government and private charities. [9] Extreme weather rendered land infertile, and crop failure brought on famine conditions.[10]. It's an official document that was sent for forwarding to an office in Gansu province. The cannabalism was partly a result of the artificially created famine that swept China between 1958-1963. Disturbing images capture the horrors of the Russian famine in the 1920s, which affected around 25million people. [11] Famine Again, North China Herald, 18 Aug. 1893. Drainage systems were improved, and balconies were installed for better ventilation. [71], In 1896, Yersin returned to Hong Kong to test his plague serum. Author Yang Jisheng is determined to change that with his. I was cheated and I don't want to be cheated again.". The primary immediate catalyst was extreme meteorological conditions. It is better to let half the people die so that others can eat their fill. By the end of April, the government in Hong Kong requested Dr. Alexander Rennie, the consular surgeon for Canton, to report on the disease. [30] In one instance, on May 19, the Whitewash Brigade was pelted with stones, bricks and rubbish. In June 1894, young Franco-Swiss scientist Alexandre Yersin came to Hong Kong and made a . Cannibalism Spreads In the winter of 1609, without supplies from the Sea Venture, Jamestown experienced a massive famine that became known as the Starving Time. He ate Chen Zaxi. He pauses. [72], The bacillus was later renamed Yersinia pestis in Yersin's honour. The plague was a major turning point in the history of colonial Hong Kong, as it forced the colonial government to reexamine its policy towards the Chinese community, and invest in the wellbeing of the Chinese. So great was the suffering among the very poor that all children under 12 were sold for food. candor high school staff; lg lte 4815; how long was jenny shipley prime minister; 2009 kf1 asteroid will hit earth; spann funeral home dickson, tn obituaries Historian Zhou Xun found one village in the far southwest in Sichuans Shizhu county, between 1959 and early 1961, the Provincial Party Committees investigation team discovered 18 villagers in Qiaotou districts Wawu brigade had consumed dead bodies. According to reports in the North China Herald, a British weekly based in Shanghai, the response of the provincial government to the disaster was lethargic. -Accounts have no ties to violence, hatred, or hunger. "But the people with the loudest voices aren't necessarily the ones with the most interesting things to say. [14], On May 12, a Permanent Committee was formed to enforce quarantine measures. After an entire family of seven had died, Luo dug up the body of the three-year-old girl Ma Fahui. [2] The area covered two to three thousand li in circumference, and the most stricken regions were Shanxis seven subprefectures beyond the Great Wall. Also . One such survivor was Kenzo Okuzaki, an Imperial Japanese Army veteran and the subject of the 1988 documentary The Emperor's Naked Army Marches On.. By the time Okuzaki shot this film, he had an extensive criminal record. [20][21], When patients were removed according to the policy from Tung Wah Hospital to Hygeia, violent protest erupted in the city. $0.00. 9. Too terrible. ", "To start with, I felt terribly depressed when I was reading these documents," he adds. Organs and human meat were reportedly cooked on barbecues and dished out to baying mobs. , Hunan, once renowned to be a land of abundance, is emblematic. The policy of terror implemented by local authorities impoverished the population. listed cities were in China. [7] It is reported that there were many days of unceasing rain, which fell simply in torrents.[8] There was also early frosting and hail. junio 16, 2022 . [54], The plague subsided with the arrival of cold weather, in the winter of 1894. He is, she points out, part of a generation of quietly committed scholars. It was named Blake Garden after then-Governor Henry Arthur Blake. 1894 china famine cannibalism June 14, 2022 indigo child symbol They sailed from San Francisco for Hong Kong, China. The Government basically took the food away from the farmers who produced it and then, assuming that any shortfalls in grain deliveries were due to hoarding by the ideologically untrustworthy,. In China, history cannot be safely contained within a book; it always threatens to spill over: "Although many years have passed, the Communist party is still in charge of the country," says Yang. The body's clothing was ripped open and their chest had been cut open too. One was hunger. Local government in southern Shanxi also lent grain to the stricken and postponed the collection of land taxes. A public park was also constructed. "There's something about China that seems to require sharp-elbowed intellectuals," says Jo Lusby, head of China operations for Penguin, the publishers of Tombstone. At the epicenter of the famine, Xinyang in China's central Henan province, the post office confiscated 1,200 . So someone might say that 1.5 million people died, while another will say that 1.6 million died. A drought emerged in northern China in the year 1875, resulting in significant crop failure. When they returned the boat was gone. His report was published a week later on August 25. [3] From March 1894, British scientists and doctors in Hong Kong became aware of the outbreak in China. November 23, 2012 by Matteo Damiani. 1).Grain exports were increased to secure foreign currency both to . [27][34] Lowson speculated on the origins of the disease as "poison is probably developed from atmospheric conditions underneath houses in certain districts, and that it is caused simply by poverty and dirt. At that time there was famine in China. However, one day Liu was beaten by local officials for theft and was forced to give all his stocks of food to the authorities. The cannibalism during the Great Chinese Famine occurred on a scale unprecedented in history. The Chinese government continued to export grain, sending 7 million tons offshore during the 3 famine years- an amount that could have saved 16 million Chinese lives. Chinese merchants were the financial pillar of charitable work, and businessmen from coastal regions such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and greater Shanghai were often willing to donate to relief efforts. The term is derived from the Spanish name (Carbales, or Canbales) for the Carib, a West Indies tribe well known for its practice of cannibalism. [17] Lowson was given de facto charge to contain and combat the plague. The area covered two to three thousand li in . Jump directly to the content. They are not going to let people look at this stuff any more," warns Beijing author and photographer Du Bin, whose forthcoming book, No One In The World Can Defeat Me, juxtaposes accounts and images of the horror with the cheery propaganda of the time. It documents nearly 50 cases. He continued to work for Xinhua, a task made easier by the country's reform and opening process and his own evolution; by the third decade of his career, he says, "I had my independent thinking and was telling the truth." Regina v. Dudley and Stephens. [11], The summer of 1894 saw Hong Kong suffering from a dry spell, which did not wash away the usual house refuse accumulating on the streets. Viceroy Li Hanzhang of Canton was also requested to make a statement to deny the rumours. "Parents ate their own kids. On March 15, 1906, the Bacteriological Institute was opened near the Taipingshan area. Common Purposes Political Vengeance Personal Vengeance Punishment/Torture Bravery/Warlike Passion PIETY RELATED -Generally accounts appear last chronologically. He said: 'I have to ask the party secretary.' It's all numbers now. Once again it subsided in winter, and returned almost annually thereafter. And the living were coming in and waiting to die. "In 1894, a friend of mine shipped as a deck hand on the steamer Tacoma . Ogashima, M. 1894. As such, it experienced a mass influx of mainland Chinese laborers, from tradespeople to servants, who came to the city . A person called Liu Chuan. pope benedict sistine chapel selfie; arnold palmer restaurant locations; is undeposited funds an asset account Translate. purchase. While the plague was harshest in 1894, it returned annually between 1895 and 1929, and killed over 20,000 in total, with a fatality rate of more than 93%. And once they were wiped out, the grain eating insects boomed and stripped all the crops. Prejudices over western medicine were overcome. In some cases organs were hacked out while the victims were still alive. [7] Food and Crops, North China Herald, 14 July 1893. "Yes, they knew," he says. The 1894 Hong Kong plague, part of the third plague pandemic, was a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in Hong Kong. Thirteen children beg officials for food and are dragged deep into the mountains, where they die from exposure and starvation. [2] Famine in Shansi, North China Herald, 16 June 1893. [20][38] In July, a hospital was established in Lai Chi Kok near a graveyard but it did not receive any patients. While cannibalism had occurred in China during the Great Famine out of desperation or necessity, by the late 1960s, food supplies had been largely restored. They were farmers. [3] Later, in April 1893, a Chinese newspaper estimated that around 520,000 people in Guihua and Suiyuan circuits, in todays Inner Mongolia, were living off of government relief. "When there is not enough to eat, people starve to death. You're viewing the problem in an overly simplistic matter.". "Researching it is going to become harder. The children in the village were crying from hunger throughout the day. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. "The most officials have admitted is 20 million," he says, but he puts the total at 36 million. They set up tents in the courtyard, and slept there, each close up against the other in rows, like sardines in tins, with their quilts over the top of them. What is your view?A: [Then premier] Liu Shaoqi is reported to have said this to [then supreme leader] Mao Zedong: "When people start eating each other, it'll be my name and yours that are written down." ", Ruthlessness ran through the system. After . Jordan writes "there was a spate of hospital and hospice foundations in the years of the Great . But in other ways the shutters are coming down. Police are likely to knock on your door, Young Chinese feeling 'political depression' amid hopelessness about future, Interview: China's Great Famine Years 'Were an Era of Cannibalism'. Amazon.com: Scarlet Memorial: Tales Of Cannibalism In Modern China: 9780813326160: Zheng Yi, T. P. Sym: Books . [19], On May 11, legislation was passed to make the reporting of cases compulsory, and to allow authorities to enter houses to search for and remove infected persons for isolation. Higher authorities claimed huge amounts of grain for the cities and even dispatched it overseas. But I still had no basis [to believe it was true]. The objective is to promote history on Medium and demonstrate the value of historical writing. "Here's another, at the Xihe commune. Between 695-700, both England and Ireland suffered a three-year famine, during . He adds with a smile that there are probably 100,000 copies already in circulation, including pirated versions and those smuggled from Hong Kong: "There are a lot of things people overseas know first and Chinese people learn from overseas," he points out. In the past decade, researchers have reported other evidence that Neanderthals continued eating each other until just. Hung", was a ward boy, presumably working in the Government Civil Hospital. [58], At the beginning of the outbreak, the plague agent was unknown. He took a knife and killed him. Chadwick proposed improvements on drainage, water supply and night soil removal system, which he hoped to be implemented "without waiting for the necessity to be demonstrated by the irresistible logic of a severe epidemic." Tell us about the history of "gourmet cannibalism"and how Mao unleashed a new wave of famine-driven cannibalism during. According to Rimjingang's sources, the famine, like others before it, had led to cannibalism. 5 Jun. In Shanxi, the temperature in winter was unusually low, reaching minus 14 degrees Fahrenheit in some regions. [62] After the role of rats in the spread of the plague was understood, the government offered money for caught rats. [22] Their own clothes and fabrics in the house would be sent to a steam disinfecting station. Nihon Kgykai, Tokyo . [22], Members of the Shropshire regiment became the first Europeans to be affected by the plague. He dug one up and said "Look!" People ate corpses and fought for the bodies. [42] In May and June, it was estimated that 80,000 to 90,000 Chinese, out of a population of 200,000, left Hong Kong Island. ", She sliced up the girls flesh and spiced it with chilli peppers before steaming and eating it. The lengths to which Irish people went to stay alive including cannibalism have been detailed in a new documentary on the Great Famine. The North China Famine of 1876-1879 has received some attention recently, but little of this work has focused on the north-western province of Shaanxi. The policy of terror implemented by local authorities impoverished the population. Perhaps no one could. They don't dare to admit the system's problems It might influence the legitimacy of the Communist party," Yang says. Many more reports will come out like this, when those files are finally opened. alain picard wife / ap calculus bc multiple choice / 1894 china famine cannibalism. [20] The hospital quickly becoming overcrowded and sanitary conditions worsened. 0,00 . [24] Guangxu ershinian wuyueshijiuri Jingbao quanlu, Shenbao, 7 Jan. 7, 1894. [13] Serious Drought in Shansi, North China Herald, 17 June 1892. During the disastrous country renovation of the Great Leap Forward, China experienced one of its darkest periods, called the Three Years of Great [55] Between 1894 and 1923, there were 21,867 cases and 20,489 deaths, with a fatality rate of 93.7%. Translated by Luisetta Mudie. Terrible. "Here's another: "Yang Wenyi and Yuan Shuying of Houxiyan village together with eight people in total, dug up the body of a child, cooked and ate it. " In 1894 a friend of mine shipped as a deck hand on the Steamer Tacoma, Capt. [21] Whitewashing could only continue after a great deal of persuasion and explanation by both the government and some esteemed members of the Chinese community. He has complete integrity.". However, these efforts proved ineffective in building trust between the Western and Chinese communities. A lurid aspect of Hong Kong's wartime Japanese occupation (1941-45) - anecdotally indicated for several decades, but never comprehensively researched - is cannibalism. One day, he was shocked to overhear a senior leader in Hubei province say that 300,000 people had died there the first hint that his father's death was not an isolated incident. Yang is convinced that Tombstone will be published on the mainland, maybe within the decade. [62][66] The fact that Kitasato was in a hurry to publish his work was considered by some to be the reason for the imprecision. Just another site 1894 china famine cannibalism [73], The epidemic gave the government an opportunity to displace Chinese medicine with western medicine. [24], During an inspection, the occupants were given new clothes, and sent to temporary lodgings on Chinese boats anchored off Stonecutters Island[25] or to government-hired buildings, including the Alice Memorial and Nethersole Hospitals. [4] The estimated total mortality of the disaster was one million people. Never.Because there's a very clear line between starvation and cannibalism. How can people eat their own children, or eat dead people?Q: I too have read a lot of accounts of terrible natural disasters [in China] and I have never seen reports of cannibalism. Detectives traced the killer using information on the . "To distribute resources evenly will only ruin the Great Leap Forward," Mao warned colleagues a year later. Women and children in starving households were sold off, either into wealthier households or to human traffickers. As many as 38 million people starved to death in the famine, which is 450 times the number of people killed by the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki at the end of World War Two. [17][78] It is now the Hong Kong Museum of Medical Sciences. [16] The main famine fund closed in 1894 having collected 1,004,362.80 taels and 673,302.9 piculs of grain for distribution. On arriving there he and two others went ashore and got drunk. [17][37] He was only able to obtain specimens after bribing English sailors responsible for disposing bodies of plague victims. onenote couldn't setup your first notebook mac. During the disastrous country renovation of the Great Leap Forward, China experienced one of its darkest periods, called the Three Years of Great Chinese Famine. In an interview with news agency AFP, a high-ranking member of an early 1980s secret official investigation into the Mao-sponsored barbarism laid bare the horror. Keen to maintain the legend of Mao, the official history makes no mention of cannibalism, which came as a direct result of the twisted tyrant's insane policies despite it being witnessed by its own citizens. [20] The plague hospitals included a temporary hospital at the Kennedy Town Police Station (known as the "Kennedy Town Hospital",[34] opened on May 14[16]) and the hospital ship Hygeia (Chinese: ), ran by staff of the Nethersole Hospital. Rennie identified it as the bubonic plague, but said it would not be not particularly contagious except to those living in filth, poor ventilation, and with a poor water supply. At night, watching his baby sleeping restless and hungry, Liu collapsed. "And they ate their own children. [17] The Closing of the Famine Relief for Shansi, North China Herald, 19 Oct. 1894. 30 dramatic images of the 1942 Henan famine, 35 rare images of the infamous Japanese experiment unit 731 in China, Chinese Women of America anti-Japanese demonstrations in New York in 1938: 15 beautiful pictures, 12 rare pictures: removing corpse teams in China (1948), 10 Haunting Old Pictures of Mongolia in 1913, The Case of the Cannibal Brothers: Shen Changyin and Shen Changping, Inside Han Songs Visionary World of Hospital: A Talk with Translator Michael Berry, Exploring the Enduring Spirit of Old Lhasa: Interview with M.A. [14][15] "A. In 1950, Liu was released and he returned home. "The murder was ghastly, worse than beasts.". My mind was very simple. The man's teenage grandson simply could not believe his recollections, and the pair ended up rowing. [43] Owners of hongs left for China, leaving the businesses to caretakers, slowing down the business operations. Local inhabitants were not allowed to access Dongting Lake, so people had to furtively reach the waters to catch some fish and avoid starvation. Surprisingly, until recently, China also had some startling examples of both consensual and violent cannibalism. Busted. Result: 9.5-13 million dead. "All the cannibalism was due to. Expert opinion gave credit to Yersin. 1894 china famine cannibalism. Hung" died 5 days later. Yang was determined to "erect a tombstone for my father", the other victims and the system that killed them. [25] Household items suspected of being contaminated were burnt. [20][21] House-to-house inspection and disinfection was performed by the local garrison, the Shropshire Light Infantry. On June 14, Kitasato discovered that the bacillus, now known as Yersinia pestis, that was the direct cause of the plague. "At every festival they have propaganda about the party's achievements and glory and greatness and correctness. Liujia, a farmer who always lived in humility, enlisted by force in the KMT in 1948 and shortly afterward captured by communist forces, is a case in point. [22] The central government feared bandits could stir up disturbances among the large number of famine refugees. "In Gansu they killed outsiders people told me strangers passed through and they killed and ate them. Estimates of the total range from the official 10 million figure, to at least 45 million. However, one day Liu was beaten by local officials for theft and was forced to give all his stocks of food to the authorities. The truth will eventually get out.Q: What is the most shocking thing to you about that era?A: In 1960 [during my time in labor camp], two things had a huge impact on me. Subsequently, a "New Glassworks Hospital" was set up at the site, this time staffed by European doctors from the Alice Memorial and Nethersole Hospitals. Then he dismembered the body and cooked him with some carrots preserved. We asked our brigade leader why this was, and he said, "I'll show you something." [47][48] Around 7,000 inhabitants were displaced. Place: North China. The International Red Cross offered food, but this was turned down by Beijing. From Hong Kong the plague spread far and wide, creating a global pandemic that claimed millions of lives. Outbreak of bubonic plague in Hong Kong in 1894, Investigation on the cause of the disease, "Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China", Centre for Research in the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, "Shropshire Regiment "Whitewash Brigade" emptying items from Chinese homes in Taipingshan, Hong Kong, and burning them on the street as an epidemic control measure during the 1894 plague outbreak", "The Lowson Diary: A Record of the Early Phase of the Hong Kong Bubonic Plague 1894", "Colonialism versus Nationalism: The Plague of Hong Kong in 1894", "An Outline of the History of Plague in Hong Kong", "Reorganizing Hospital Space: The 1894 Plague Epidemic in Hong Kong and the Germ Theory", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1894_Hong_Kong_plague&oldid=1142222219, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3 (Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories), This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 04:57. [5] Hanwei He, Guangxu Chunian, 1876-1879 Huabei de Dahanzai (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1980), p.149. > During the famine, . [50] This drastic measure called for, as described by Robinson, "the destruction and rebuilding of one tenth part of Hong Kong. There are signs that at least some in China want to address it. great value angus seasoned roast beef; pivot table only showing first 1000 rows; did dylan lane have cancer; Half a century on, the government still treats the famine as a natural disaster and denies the true death toll. But rather than advancing the country, ineptitude, environmental catastrophe and state terror paved the way for cannibalism that has been described as being "on a scale unprecedented in the history of the 20th century". "[10], In 1881, Royal Commissioner Osbert Chadwick was sent to Hong Kong to investigate the sanitation situation of Hong Kong. Too terrible. Although there were sure signs of potential famine, and although a monumental famine had occurred in the province just 13 years before, provincial officials did not seem sufficiently concerned, responding at first only with loans of grain to the extremely poor. The Great Chinese Famine (Chinese: ; lit. The cannibalism at Moula-Guercy wasn't an isolated incident in prehistory. [38] Taipingshan was not the only area affected by the plague. My Blog 1894 china famine cannibalism While the plague was harshest in 1894, it returned annually between 1895 and 1929, and killed over 20,000 in total, with a fatality rate of more than 93%. 0. However, he was doubtful of its significance as the autopsy was done 11 hours after death. [3] Relief of Distress in Shansi, North China Herald, 30 June 1893. All professionals doctors, teachers, lawyers were targeted in the great purge of the middle classes, whomMao knew, and feared, may challenge him one day. But a few years later the policies implemented by the local commune forced him, as well as many other inhabitants of the area to a desperate life. Cannibalism in China. [13], Shanxis distance from major concentrations of philanthropists in the countrys more commercialised regions also undermined the efficiency of relief. The dead were being carried out every day. This imbalance is reflected in the local histories that devote far more space to the documentation and commemoration of the Hui rebellion than to the famine. [12], The first case was discovered by Scottish doctor James Alfred Lowson, acting superintendent of the Government Civil Hospital, on May 8, 1894. [32] However, the whitewashing operations was to be continued. Local officials, either from fanaticism or fear, sent grossly exaggerated reports of their success to the centre, proclaiming harvests three or four times their true size. He drove the truck out every day to sell dead bodies. [25] The western practice of using ice to cool down a fever was rejected by the Chinese, who viewed extreme cold as damaging to the body. Total. For emergency relief in northern Shanxi, 160,000 taels were withdrawn from the Treasury. 1894 china famine cannibalismtennessee wanted person search. Comments will not appear in real time. [20][38][39], When the Chinese medicine offered by the Glassworks Hospital proved to be ineffective, and conditions of the hospital continued to worsen, it was closed down on June 16, and its patients were transferred to either Guangzhou or to the Slaughterhouse Hospital. In 1894, the waterfront city was a British colony and vital port of trade. Robinson initially refused, but when compradors of major hongs threatened to have their staff leave their posts, Robinson allowed patients to travel to Guangzhou for treatment, and corpses to be transported there for burials.